The al-Waḍḍāḥiyah ode by Ibn Bahīj al-Andalusi
القصيدة الوضاحية لابن بهيج الأندلسي
The al-Waḍḍāḥiyah ode by Ibn Bahīj al-Andalusi
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
الحمد لله رب العالمين و الصلاة و السلام على سيدنا و نبينا محمد و على آله و أصحابه أجمعين.
Why the poem?
With the grace of Allah, I visited the renowned musnid, Shaykh ‘Abdurraḥmān al-Kettānī at his home in Fez, Morocco in 2011. On the second day, after spending some time alone with the scholar and after reciting some ḥadīth to him, he granted me the poem as a gift. It remained with me for all these years.
From time to time, we hear about people who slander the honour and rank of the beloved wife of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ or his dear friend, Abū Bakr. When these people failed to find any fault in the character of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, they targeted his household, more specifically his dear wife Āishah. There were some who targeted her father, Abū Bakr, who was the first khalīfah. Āishah was one of the foremost narrators of ḥadīth from among the ṣaḥābah. Her honour and integrity was proven by Allah in the Quran, when about ten verses in Sūrah al-Nūr were revealed concerning her. The poets and scholars also contributed in trying to defend her honour and integrity. The following is a poem by an Andalusian poet, Ibn Bahīj. It will be presented with an English translation and a short explanation.
Prepared by: Shoayb Ahmed
Who was Ibn Bahīj?
Ibn Bahīj: Abū ‘Imrān Mūsá ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Abdullah al-Wa’iẓ al-Andalusī. This is how his name appeared in some manuscripts without much detail regarding his biography. Bahīj was actually his grandfather and this is established from the writing of al-Silafī (d. 576 A.H). (Ekhtiar 2013: 2).
What is significant is that he is referred to as al-Wa’iẓ al-Andalusī. These descriptions were not common amongst the inhabitants of Andalus (Spain). They usually refer to the person’s family or tribe. This means that Ibn Bahīj very likely travelled to the east and this is how they referred to him based on where he had come from. There is also mention of the Minister in Egypt, al-Afḍal, who after having heard the poem, gifted the poet 100 dinārs. (al-Rūmī 2010: 3). This then enables us to determine the time and era during which he lived. It also proves that Ibn Bahīj travelled to Egypt. Al-Afḍal died in around 515 A.H (1121), this means that Ibn Bahīj lived during the 5th and 6th centuries. Al-Afḍal served as a minister under al-Mustanṣir, al-Musta’lī and al-Āmir. This is further supported by the fact that one of the scholars met Ibn Bahīj in Egypt in 496 (1103) and recited the poem to him. (Ya’qūbī 2001: 11). Some biographers have stated that he was from Miryah on the east of Andalus and he was blind. (Ya’qūbī 2001: 12)
Ibn Bahīj also composed poetry on zuhd (abstinence) and a mukhammasah (a poem in five parts, each consists of five lines) on Ḥajj. An example of some of his other poetry is: (al-Talmasānī 2016: 2/353)
انما دنياك ساعة * فاجعل الساعة طاعة
Your world is but an hour * So, make that hour one of obedience
و احذر التقصير فيها * و اجتهد ما قدر ساعة
Be wary of laxity therein * And strive to the extent of an hour
و اذا أحببت عزا * فالتمس عز القناعة
And if you desire honour * Then seek the honour of contentment
The isnād to Ibn Bahīj
There is a copy that actually contains a record of the transmission of the qaṣīdah. It contains prominent scholars like Murtadá al-Zabīdī, Zakariyá al-Anṣārī, Abū Ṭāhir al-Silafī and Ibn Ḥajr.
Murtadá al-Zabīdī’s copy is preserved in the archives in Tetouan, Morocco and it contains details regarding the transmission to the compiler. (Ya’qūbī 2001: 18)
Ibn Ḥajr narrates the poem in praise of Āishah with a chain of transmission from his teacher Ibn al-Shaykhah and from another teacher, Muhammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr, who was the preacher in al-Ṣāliḥiyah. (Ibn Ḥajr 2004: 586)
The famous scholar, Abū al-Fatḥ Ibrāhīm ibn Alī al-Qalqashnadī also heard the poem from Ibn Ḥajr and other scholars including a few females, among them the grand-daughter of Ibn Jamā’ah, from whom he received ijāzah. (Ya’qūbī 2001: 16).
ما شأن أم المؤمنين وشأني * هدي المحب لها وضل الشاني
What is the importance of Umm al-Mu’minīn for me * Guided is the one who loves her and misguided is the one who despises her
اني أقول مبينا عن فضلها * و مترجما عن قولها بلساني
Surely I express clearly her virtue * and relate her words with my tongue
The poet composed the poem and expressed its meanings in a manner which seems like Āishah is speaking about herself.
يا مبغضي لا تأت قبر محمد * فالبيت بيتي و المكان مكاني
O you who despise me, don’t come to the grave of Muhammad * Because the [best] home is my home and the [best] place is my place
Anyone who despises Āishah should not present himself in front of the grave of the Prophet Muhammd ﷺ because he is buried in her home. When the Prophet took ill he chose to spend his time in Āishah’s home and she could take care of him. (al-Bukhārī no: 665). Other ḥadīth informs us that the Prophet’s are buried wherever they pass away and hence the Prophet Muḥammad is buried in Āishah’s home. (al-Tirmidhī: 1018)
اني خصصت على نساء محمد * بصفات برتحتهن معاني
I have been favoured over the women (wives) of Muhammad * with virtuous attributes underpinned by meanings
Among the many special favours that were bestowed upon Āishah is that the angel Jibrīl conveyed salām to her and she was the Prophet’s wife in this world and she will be his wife in Jannah. This is based on a ḥadīth reported in al-Mustadrak, no: 6722 & 6729.
و سبقتهن الى الفضائل كلها * فالسبق سبقي و العنان عناني
I surpassed them in all virtues * So the [best] precedence is my precedence and the [best] honour is my honour
Āishah is one of the most important of the wives of the Prophet by virtue of her extensive knowledge and narration of ḥadīth. (al-Mustadrak no: 6733) The only other wife who could surpass her according to some scholars is Khadījah, because she was the first to accept Islam, is the mother of his children and she supported the Prophet in the early days in Makkah. (al-Mustadrak no: 4844, 4849).
مرض النبي ومات بين تراثبي * فاليوم يومي و الزمان زماني
The Prophet took ill and passed away on my chest * So, the day is my day and the time is my time
When the Prophet ﷺ fell ill, he chose to spend his last days with Āishah. He left this world with his head on her lap. (al-Bukhārī no: 1389, Muslim no: 2443 and al-Mustadrak no: 6719).
زوجي رسول الله لم أر غيره * الله زوجني به و حباني
My husband in the Messenger of Allah, I have not seen other than him * Allah married me to him and made me beloved
Āishah is the only wife who had never been married previously before her marriage to the Prophet. She was chosen as wife for the Prophet Muḥammad. (al-Mustadrak no: 6715).
و أتاه جبريل الأمين بصورتي * فأحبني المختار حين رآني
Jibrīl came to him with my image * So, the chosen one (Muhammad) loved me as soon as he saw me.
Reference to the ḥadīth reported in al-Bukhārī (5078), Muslim (2438) and Ibn ‘Asākir p. 85.
أنا بكره العذراء عندي سره * و ضجيعه في منزلي قمران
I am his virgin maiden (wife), his secret is with me * His [guests] sleeping in my home are two moons
The only wife who had never married prior to her marrying the Prophet. The two moons are referring to Abū Bakr and ‘Umar who were the Prophet’s closest companions in this world and they are buried alongside him. (al-Bukhārī no: 3700).
و تكلم الله العظيم بحجتي * و برأني في محكم القران
Allah the Great spoke in my favour * And exonerated me in the court of the Quran
This is referring to the incident when Āishah was slandered and accused of being unfaithful. Allah confirmed her innocence and revealed 10 verses in this regard in Sūrah al-Nūr, verses: 11-20.
و الله خفرني و عظم حرمتي * و على لسان نبيه برأني
Allah raised me up and glorified my sanctity * And exonerated me on the tongue of His Prophet
و الله في القران قد لعن الذي * بعد البراءة بالقبيح رماني
In the Quran, Allah cursed those * who after the exoneration still cast ugly aspersions toward me.
In Sūrah al-Nūr, verses: 11-20 in Sūrah al-Nūr, verses: 11-20.
و الله وبخ من أراد تنقصي * افكا و سبح نفسه في شاني
Allah reprimanded those who tried to diminish my rank * falsely, and glorified Himself with regard to my status
Reference to verse 16 in Sūrah al-Nur: (Glory be to You O Lord! This is a heinous slander).
اني لمحصنة الازار بريئة * و دليل حسن طهارتي احصاني
I am the most beautiful robe – unblemished and innocent * and the proof is in my integrity
و الله أحصنني بخاتم رسله * و أذل أهل الافك و البهتان
Allah beautified me through the seal of His Prophet * and He disgraced the liars and slanderers
و سمعت وحي الله عند محمد * من جبريل و نور يغشاني
And I heard the revelation of Allah received by Muḥammad * from Jibrīl, while the nūr enrobed me |
Reference to the ḥadīth reported by al-Bukhārī, no: 2 wherein she said: …Verily I saw the Prophet while revelation was being sent to him on a very cold day and noticed: the sweat dropping from his forehead.”
أوحى اليه و كنت تحت ثيابه * فحنى علي بثوبه و خباني
Allah sent revelation to him while I was with him * And He leaned over, hiding me with his own cloth
This is referring to ḥadīth 3775 in al-Bukhārī wherein the Prophet confirmed and said: “Don’t trouble me by harming Āishah, for by Allah, revelation never came to me while I was under the blanket of any woman amongst you except her.”
من ذا يفاخرني و ينكر صحبني * و محمد في حجره رباني؟
Who can vie with me and deny my companionship * when Muḥammad personally educated me in his room?
و أخذت عن أبوي دين محمد * و هما على الاسلام مصطحبان
I took the religion of Muḥammad from my parents * And they were both welcomed into Islam
و أبي أقام الدين بعد محمد * فالنصل نصلي و السنان سناني
My father established the religion after Muḥammad * so, the [best] sword is my sword and the [best] spear is my spear
و الفخر فخري و الخلافة في أبي * حسبي بهذا مفخرا و كفاني
And the [best] honour is my honour for the khilāfah was in my father’s [hand] * this honour cast upon me suffices me
The first khalīfah after the Prophet Muḥammad was Abū Bakr. (al-Aqidah al-Ṭaḥāwiyah) This happened as per the agreement of the Ṣaḥābah. (al-Juwaynī pg. 26-27; al-Suyūṭī pg. 61-65).
و أنا ابنة الصديق صاحب أحمد * و حبيبه في السر و الاعلان
I am the daughter of al-Siddīq (Abū Bakr), the Companion of Aḥmad * and his beloved in secret and in public
Abū Bakr was given the title al-Ṣiddīq by none but the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ. This happened after the Prophet returned from his miraculous night journey (mi’rāj). The disbelievers questioned Abū Bakr about his friends (Muḥammad) claim. Abū Bakr accepted and believed without any doubt. Hence, he was given the title al-Ṣiddīq. (al-Mustadrak no: 4463). Aḥmad is one of the names of the Prophet Muḥammad. (al-Shifā pg. 160)
نصر النبي بماله و فعاله * و خروجه معه من الأوطان
He helped the Prophet with his wealth and his actions * and, [together] with him, he left the homeland
Abū Bakr accompanied the Prophet during the hijrah and even provided the camels that were used during the journey. (al-Bukhārī no: 5470.
ثانيه في الغار الذي سد الكوى * بردائه أكرم به من ثان
His [the Prophet’s] second in the cave, and the one who blocked the hole * with his shawl, what an honourable second
Abu Bakr was with the Prophet when they took refuge in the Cave during the hijrah. Allah referred to this in Sūrah al-Tawbah, verses: 40 (…and he was only one of two. While they were both in the cave, he reassured his companion, “Do not worry; Allah is certainly with us…).
و جفا الغنى حتى تخلل بالعبا * زهدا و أذعن أيما اذعان
The wealth dried up to the point * of ascetic tribulation, yet he submitted gladly
Abū Bakr voluntarily spent all his wealth for the sake of Islam. Even ‘Umar tried to compete with him and brought half of his possessions. Abū Bakr presented everything before the Prophet. The ḥadīth is reported by al-Tirmidhī, no: 3675.
و تخللت معه ملائكة السما * و أتته بشرى الله بالرضوان
The angels of the sky endured with him * Coming to him with the glad tidings of Allah being pleased with him
There is a ḥadīth wherein mention is made of The Prophet who wanted to write something a few days before he left this world. The indications are that he wished to appoint a successor. The ḥadīth contains the phrase: “Allah and the believers want none but Abū Bakr.” (al-Bukhārī no: 5666).
و هو الذي لم يخش لومة لائم * في قتل أهل البغي و العدوان
He is the one who didn’t fear anyone * in fighting the rebels and hostile enemies
There are numerous examples of Abū Bakr’s courage and bravery. One example is the narration from ‘Ali ibn Abī Ṭālib who delivered a khuṭbah once during which he asked the people: “Tell me who is the bravest of people?” They replied: “You O Leader of the Believers.” He said: “I never participated in any dual except that I defeated my opponent, but tell who is the bravest of people?” They replied: “We don’t know, so who is it?” He said: “Abū Bakr, on the day of Badr, we set up a tent for the Messenger of Allah and we said who will be with the Messenger the night in case any of the polytheists tried to harm him. By Allah nobody approached except Abū Bakr with his sword drawn…” (al-Bazzār no: 761).
Imām al-Qurṭubī when explaining verse: 144 of Sūrah Āl-‘Imrān said that this verse is the clearest proof of Abū Bakr’s bravery and courage. These are judged on the firmness of the heart at the time of calamities and trials. There can be no greater calamity than the passing of the Prophet Muḥammad. While some like ‘Umar refused to accept that the Prophet had passed on, and people were in a state of confusion, it was Abū Bakr who remained calm and provided the necessary guidance. (al-Qurṭubī 1994: 2/211).
قتل الألى منعوا الزكاة بكفرهم * و أذل أهل الكفر و الطغيان
He fought those who refused to pay Zakāt because of their disbelief * He humbled the disbelievers and the transgressors
After the passing of the Prophet, there were some people who refused to pay Zakāt. Abū Bakr dispatched an army to fight them because they chose to distinguish between the two obligations; Ṣalāt and Zakāt. (al-Bukhārī no. 1399-1400).
سبق الصحابة و القرابة للهدى * هو شيخهم في الفضل و الاحسان
He led the Companions and relatives to guidance * He is their leader in virtue and goodness
Abū Bakr was the first male to accept Islam. (al-Bukhārī 37).
In Sūrah al-Layl, verses: 17-20, Allah says: “But the righteous one will avoid it. The one who gives his wealth to purify himself…” Many of the scholars of Tafsīr say that the ‘righteous one’ refers to Abū Bakr. (Ibn Kathīr 4/823-824).
و الله ما استبقوا لنيل فضيلة * مثل استباق الخيل يوم رهان
By Allah they never competed in acquiring virtue * the way horses raced on competition day
الا و طار أبي الى عليائها * فمكانه منها أجل مكان
Except that my father ascended to its heights * So his place is the loftiest of places
None of the Ṣaḥābah could surpass Abū Bakr in virtue and in goodness.
ويل لعبد خان آل محمد * بعداوة الأزواج و الأختان
Woe to the servant who is disloyal to the family of Muḥammad * with enmity toward the wives and sisters
There are numerous aḥādīth in this regard. Amongst these is what was reported from Abū Sa’īd al-Khuḍrī that the Messenger of Allah said: “None despises us the ahl al-bayt (Prophetic household) except that Allah will enter him into the Fire.” (al-Mustadrak Ibn Ḥibbān).
طوبى لمن والى جماعة صحبه * و يكون من أحبابه الحسنان
Glad tidings to the one who is close to the group of his Companions * and among his beloved are the two Ḥasan’s
Being close to the Ṣaḥābah in general and specifically to the Prophet’s household is a means of guidance. The Prophet addressed the Companions and said: “O People! I have left you with that if you take hold of it, then you will never go astray; the Book of Allah and my household.” (al-Tirmidhī, no: 3786).
The two Ḥasan’s refers to the two grandson’s of the Prophet; Ḥasan and Ḥusayn. These two are referred to as the leaders of the youth in Jannah. (Ibn Ḥibbān no: 7001).
بين الصحابة و القرابة ألفة * لا تستحيل بنزعة الشيطان
Between the Companions and the family is an affection * impossible even for Shayṭān to remove it
Abū Bakr preferred and valued his relationship to the Prophet more than his own blood relatives. There is a ḥadīth in al-Bukhārī no: 3508, wherein Abū Bakr prefers to maintain the family ties with the Prophet over his own family.
هم كالأصابع في اليدين تواصلا * هل يستوي كف بغير بنان؟
They are like the fingers on the hands in terms of their bond * Can the palm be extended without fingers?
حصرت صدور الكافرين بوالدي * و قلوبهم ملئت من الأضغان
The chests of the disbelievers were constricted * and their hearts were filled with grudges
حب البتول و بعلها لم يختلف * من ملة الاسلام فيه اثنان
There is no disagreement over the love of Fāṭimah and her husband (‘Alī) * between any two Muslims in the realm of Islam
In a ḥadīth the Prophet said: “Fāṭimah is a part of me, whoever angers her has angered me.” (al-Bukhārī no: 3714) and in another ḥadīth, ‘Alī said that the Prophet said the following about him: “None will love me except a believer and none will despise me except a hypocrite.” (Muslim no: 78).
أكرم بأربعة أئمة شرعنا * فهم لبيت الدين كالأركان
How honourable are the four Imām’s of our Shariah * They are like the pillars of the house of Islam
The four Imām’s are: Abū Bakr, ‘Umar, Uthmān and ‘Alī. They are also known as the al-khulafā al-rāshidūn (rightly guided caliphs) as per the ḥadīth wherein the Prophet said: “…hold on to my Sunnah and the Sunnah of the rightly guided khulafā…” (Abū Dāwūd no: 4607).
نسجت مودتهم سدى في لحمة * فبناؤها من أثبت البنيان
Their affection is woven into the flesh [of the faith] * and this is established on the firmest foundation
الله ألف بين ود قلوبهم * ليغيظ كل منافق طعان
Allah united between the love of their hearts * to exasperate every cursing hypocrite
The Ṣaḥābah enjoyed a mutual love and respect. Allah refers to this is Sūrah al-Fatḥ, verse: 29 “Muḥammad is the Messenger of Allah and those with him are forceful against the disbelievers, merciful among themselves…”
رحماء بينهم صفت أخلاقهم * و خلت قلوبهم من الشنآن
Mutual mercy between them, with pure character * and their hearts freed from hate
Allah says in Sūrah al-Ḥashr, verse: 9 “And for those who established themselves in the homeland (Madinah) and in faith before the former ones arrived, who have love for those who emigrated to them, and do not feel in their hearts any ambition for what is given to the former ones, and give preference to them over themselves, even though they are in poverty – and those who are saved from the greed of their hearts are the successful.”
فدخولهم بين الأحبة كلفة * و سبابهم سبب الى الحرمان
Their entry between loved ones is expansive * and verbally abusing them is a cause of being deprived
Allah says in Sūrah al-Tawbah, verse: 100 “As for the first and foremost of the emigrants and the supporters and those who followed them in goodness, Allah is pleased with them and He has prepared for them gardens beneath which rivers flow where they will live forever. That is the supreme achievement.”
جمع الاله المسلمين على أبي * و استبدلوا من خوفهم بأمان
Allah united the Muslims around my father * and they exchanged their fear for safety
و اذا أراد الله نصرة عبده * من ذا يطيق له على خذلان
And when Allah intends to assist His servant * then who can betray him?
There is a famous ḥadīth in al-Bukārī no: 7957 wherein the Prophet said: “…and if they gather to harm you, they will not be able to except to the extent that Allah has written out…”
من حبني فليجتنب من سبني * ان كان صان محبتي و رعاني
Whoever loves me, then avoid those who insult me * if he wishes to preserve my love and favour
و اذا محبي قد ألظ بمبغضي * فكلاهما في البغض مستويان
If the one who loves me is close to the one who hates me * then both are equal in hate
اني لطيبة خلقت لطيب * و نساء أحمد أطيب النسوان
I am pure and have been created for the purest * the wives of Aḥmad are the purest of women
اني لأم المؤمنين فمن أبى * حبي فسوف يبوء بالخسران
I am indeed the Mother of the Believers and whoever refuses * to love me, then he will soon give birth to loss
الله حببني لقلب نبيه * و الى الصراط المستقيم هداني
Allah made me beloved to His Prophet’s heart * and He guided me to the straight path
One of the Ṣaḥābah asked the Messenger of Allah: “Who is most beloved to you?” He (the Prophet) said: “Āishah.” I said: “from among the men?’ He replied: “Her father.” (al-Bukhārī no: 3662 and Muslim no:2384).
و الله يكرم من أراد كرامتي * و يهين ربي من أراد هواني
And Allah will honour the one who intends to honour me * and He will disgrace the one who wishes to disgrace me
والله أسأله زيادة فضله * وحمدته شكرا لما أولاني
And I ask Allah for increase in His virtue * and I praise Him, thankful for what He has preferred for me
يا من يلوذ بأهل بيت محمد * يرجو بذلك رحمة الرحمان
Oh the one who takes refuge with the household of Muḥammad * hoping through that the mercy of the Most merciful
صل أمهات المؤمنين ولا تحد * عنا فتسلب حلة الايمان
Join (include) the Mothers of the Believers and don’t turn away * from us, because [if you do] you will turn away the mantle of imān
اني لصادقة المقال كريمة * اي والذي ذلت له الثقلان
I am indeed honourable and truthful in my speech * about the one for whom the creation is humbled
خذها اليك فانما هي روضة * محفوفة بالروح و الريحان
Accept this [poem], for it is a garden * encompassed by the breeze and pleasant fragrance [of jannah]
صلى الاله على النبي و آله * فبهم تشم أزهر البستان
May Allah send his salutations upon the Prophet and his family * And through them will we smell the fragrant flowers of the garden (Jannah)
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